Beyond Self-Interest Most moral philosophy is bullshit. It tells you what you should do based on abstract principles, divine commands, social contracts, or rational self-interest. But none of this explains why you actually care about other people’s suffering. Kant says you should act morally because reason demands it. Utilitarians say you should maximize happiness because that is the logical goal. Religious morality says you should be good because God commands it or because you will be punished otherwise. All of this is external. It assumes morality is something imposed on you from outside, something you follow out of duty or...